[Causes of medication administration errors in elderly people: a systematic review]. / Causes des erreurs médicamenteuses à l'administration chez la personne âgée : une revue de la littérature.

The elderly are particularly vulnerable to medication administration errors (MAE). To prevent these errors, it is crucial to identify and understand their causes. A review of the literature using the PRISMA method was conducted. Of 2,798 articles, 15 were included in the literature review. The causes identified were divided into 4 categories: patient-related, direct drug-related, healthcare professional-related, and organizational, teamwork, and environmental causes. It was found that the causes were many and varied (n = 56). These were mostly related to physical and cognitive disorders of the patient. Few studies of causes based on empirical data were conducted on this specific subject. The majority of studies were conducted in a health care facility and institution. Therefore, this study cannot provide a comprehensive review of all the risk factors for MAE, especially in the elderly who are capable of administering their medication on their own. To study this topic, a complementary literature review on the causes of non-adherence in the elderly would be necessary.

Older adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Utility of the clinical frailty scale to predict mortality.

The objective of this study was to identify predictive factors of mortality in older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including the level of clinical frailty by using the clinical frailty scale (CFS). We analyzed medical records of all patients aged of 75 and older with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 hospitalized in our Hospital between March 3 and April 25, 2020. Standardized variables were prospectively collected, and standardized care were provided to all patients. One hundred and eighty-six patients were included (mean 85.3 ± 5.78 year). The all cause 30-day mortality was 30% (56/186). At admission, dead patients were more dyspneic (57% vs. 38%, p = .014), had more often an oxygen saturation less than 94% (70% vs. 47%, p < .01) and had more often a heart rate faster than 90/min (70% vs. 42%, p < .001). Mortality increased in parallel with CFS score (p = .051) (20 deaths (36%) in 7-9 category). In multivariate analysis, CFS score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49; confidence interval [CI] 95%, 1.01-2.19; p = .046), age (OR = 1.15; CI 95%, 1.01-1.31; p = .034), and dyspnea (OR = 5.37; CI 95%, 1.33-21.68; p = .018) were associated with all-cause 30-day mortality. It is necessary to integrate the assessment of frailty to determine care management plan of older patients with COVID-19, rather than the only restrictive criterion of age.

Investigation of opposition to diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in older people hospitalized in acute geriatric services: the OPTAH pilot study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Shared decision-making is a process that involves collaborative discussions between a patient and a care team to ensure informed healthcare decisions. This process becomes more complex when the older person's decision-making capacities are affected. In these situations, surrogate decision-making processes are used to define a person-centered care plan. Despite these processes, the implementation of the care plan defined in the best interest of the patient may nevertheless be rejected by the patient, particularly in cases of neurocognitive disorders or delirium. This concept of opposition and/or refusal is frequently used in research. This is not yet well understood in the medical literature, and there is a lack of consensus on its definition. We, therefore, explored this concept by defining opposition to diagnostic or therapeutic proposals. METHOD: Our pilot study protocol is based on a mixed methodology (epidemiological and qualitative research) to quantify this phenomenon, validate the proposed definition, and explore its core elements. Opposition and refusal of care will be quantified, and semi-structured interviews will be conducted with patients, their relatives, and referring carers. Multidisciplinary meetings that will be associated with these situations will also be observed and analyzed. Methodological approaches that can be used to explore opposition and refusal of care in a scientific, reproducible framework are presented. This methodology considers the specificities of the geriatric, polypathological population with neurocognitive disorders. DISCUSSION: Opposition and refusal of care are key concepts in clinical research on ethics, particularly in the geriatric field. These concepts are frequently mentioned in studies involving older patients but have not been specifically defined or studied. This study would undoubtedly lead to greater awareness among professional caregivers and relatives of the significance of such opposition, and more respectful interactions in these complex hospitalization cases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03373838 . Registered on 14 December 2017.

COVID-19 outbreak: organisation of a geriatric assessment and coordination unit. A French example.

Older people are particularly affected by the COVID-19 outbreak because of their vulnerability as well as the complexity of health organisations, particularly in the often-compartmentalised interactions between community, hospital and nursing home actors. In this endemic situation, with massive flows of patients requiring holistic management including specific and intensive care, the appropriate assessment of each patient's level of care and the organisation of specific networks is essential. To that end, we propose here a territorial organisation of health care, favouring communication between all actors. This organisation of care is based on three key points: To use the basis of territorial organisation of health by facilitating the link between hospital settings and geriatric sectors at the regional level.To connect private, medico-social and hospital actors through a dedicated centralised unit for evaluation, geriatric coordination of care and decision support. A geriatrician coordinates this multidisciplinary unit. It includes an emergency room doctor, a supervisor from the medical regulation centre (Centre 15), an infectious disease physician, a medical hygienist and a palliative care specialist.To organise an ad hoc follow-up channel, including the necessary resources for the different levels of care required, according to the resources of the territorial network, and the creation of a specific COVID geriatric palliative care service. This organisation meets the urgent health needs of all stakeholders, facilitating its deployment and allows the sustainable implementation of a coordinated geriatric management dynamic between the stakeholders on the territory.

How does decisional capacity evolve with normal cognitive aging: systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Aging is associated with increased needs related to complex decisions, particularly in medical and social issues. However, the complexity of decision-making involves many neurological functions and structures which are potentially altered by cognitive aging. METHODOLOGY: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to examine changes in decision-making occurring in normal cognitive aging. The keywords "decision making" and "normal aging" were used to find the clinical studies and literature reviews focused on these changes. RESULTS: A total of 97 articles were considered in the review, and ultimately 40 articles were selected, including 30 studies and 10 literature reviews. The data from these studies were of uneven quality and too disparate to allow meta-analysis according to PRISMA criteria. Nevertheless, a key result of the analysis is the decrease of processing speed with aging. In ambiguous decision-making situations, the alteration of the ventromedial system is associated with changes in motivation profiles. These changes can be compensated by experience. However, difficulties arise for older adults in the case of one-off decisions, which are very common in the medical or medico-social domains. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive aging is associated with a slowdown in processing speed of decision-making, especially in ambiguous situations. However, decision-making processes which are based on experience and cases in which sufficient time is available are less affected by aging. These results highlight the relativity of decision-making capacities in cognitive aging.